Guteza imbere inganda

Ubushinwa ni kimwe mu bihugu byahimbye ibizunguruka mbere ku isi, kandi imiterere y’imitambiko yanditswe mu bitabo bya kera by’Abashinwa. Dufatiye ku bisigisigi bya kera ndetse n’amakuru, Ubushinwa bwa kera cyane bufite imiterere y’imyubakire ya kijyambere bwagaragaye mu 221-207 mbere ya Yesu (Ingoma ya Qin) mu Mudugudu wa Xuejiaya, mu Ntara ya Yongji, mu Ntara ya Shanxi. Nyuma y’Ubushinwa bushya, cyane cyane guhera mu myaka ya za 70, bitewe n’ivugurura rikomeye ry’ivugurura no gufungura, inganda zitwara ibintu zinjiye mu gihe gishya cy’iterambere ryihuse.

Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 17, Umwongereza C. Vallow yateguye kandi akora imipira y’imipira, ayishyira mu gikamyo cy’iposita kugira ngo igerageze kandi P. Worth w’Abongereza yapanze umupira. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18, HR Hertz wo mu Budage yasohoye impapuro zivuga ku guhangayikishwa no gufata imipira. Hashingiwe ku byo Hertz yagezeho, R. Stribeck w’Ubudage, A. Palmgren wo muri Suwede n’abandi bakoze ibizamini byinshi, kandi bagira uruhare mu iterambere ry’imyumvire yo gushushanya ibizunguruka no kubara ubuzima bw'umunaniro. Nyuma, NP Petrov wo mu Burusiya yashyize mu bikorwa itegeko rya Newton ryo kwiyemeza kubara amakimbirane.

O. Reynolds wo mu Bwongereza yakoze isesengura mu mibare y’ivumburwa rya Thor maze akuramo ikigereranyo cya Reynolds, kuva icyo gihe kikaba cyarashyizeho urufatiro rw’amavuta ya hydrodynamic. Uburyo bwambere bwo kugendana umurongo ni umurongo wibiti bikozwe mubiti byashyizwe munsi yisahani. Tekinike irashobora guhera mu iyubakwa rya Pyramide nini ya Giza, nubwo nta bimenyetso bigaragara bibigaragaza. Imirongo igezweho igenda ikoresha ihame rimwe ryakazi, ariko rimwe na rimwe ukoresha umupira aho gukoresha uruziga. Umubiri wambere wo kunyerera no kuzunguruka byakozwe mubiti. Ubukorikori, safiro, cyangwa ibirahuri nabyo birakoreshwa, kandi ibyuma, umuringa, ibindi byuma, na plastiki (nka nylon, bakelite, Teflon, na UHMWPE) byose bikoreshwa.

Guhinduranya ibyuma birakenewe mubisabwa byinshi, uhereye kumuzigo uremereye cyane wizunguruka hamwe nibikoresho bya mashini bizunguruka kugeza ibice bisobanutse neza. Ubwoko bworoshye bwo kuzunguruka ni bushing, ni igihuru gusa gishyizwe hagati yiziga na axe. Igishushanyo cyaje gusimburwa no kuzunguruka, cyasimbuye ibihuru byumwimerere hamwe numuzingi wa silindrike, buri kimwe cyakoraga nkuruziga rutandukanye. Ikintu cya mbere gifatika gifatika hamwe nakazu cyavumbuwe nuwakoze amasaha John Harrison mu 1760 kugirango akore chronografi ya H3.

Urugero rwa mbere rwerekana umupira wabonetse ku bwato bwa kera bw'Abaroma buboneka mu kiyaga cya Nami, mu Butaliyani. Iyi mipira yimbaho ​​yimbaho ​​ikoreshwa mugushigikira ameza azunguruka hejuru. Ubwato bwubatswe mu 40 mbere ya Yesu. Bivugwa ko Leonardo Da Vinci yasobanuye ubwoko bw'umupira ufite imipira igera ku 1500. Mu bintu bitandukanye bidakuze bitwara imipira, ingingo y'ingenzi ni uko hazabaho kugongana hagati y'imipira, bigatuma habaho guterana amagambo. Ariko ibi birashobora gukumirwa ushira umupira mumagage.

Mu kinyejana cya 17, Galileo Galileya yatanze ibisobanuro bya mbere byerekana "umupira uhamye", cyangwa "umupira w'amaguru". Ariko, mugihe cyakurikiyeho igihe kinini, kwishyiriraho imashini kumashini ntibyagaragaye. Patente yambere kumwobo wumupira yatanzwe na Philip Vaughan wa Carmarthen mumwaka wa 1794.

Mu 1883, Friedrich Fischer yatanze igitekerezo cyo gukoresha imashini ikora neza kugirango isya imipira yicyuma ingana kandi ifite uburinganire bwuzuye. Ibi byashizeho urufatiro rwo gushiraho inganda zigenga zitwara ibintu. “Fischers Automatische Guß Intangiriro stahlkugelfabrik cyangwa Fischer Aktien-Gesellschaft yabaye ikirango, cyanditswe ku ya 29 Nyakanga 1905.

Mu 1962, ikirango cya FAG cyahinduwe kandi kigikoreshwa muri iki gihe, gihinduka igice cy’isosiyete mu 1979.

Mu 1895, Henry Timken yateguye icyuma cya mbere cyerekana imashini, ayitanga nyuma yimyaka itatu maze ashinga Timken.

Mu 1907, Sven Winqvist wo mu ruganda rwa SKF Bearing yateguye imipira yambere igezweho yo kwishyiriraho imipira.

Kwitwaza nikintu cyingenzi cyingenzi cyibikoresho byose byubukanishi, kandi ubunyangamugayo, imikorere, ubuzima nubwizerwe bigira uruhare rukomeye muburyo bwuzuye, imikorere, ubuzima nubwizerwe bwa nyirubwite. Mu bicuruzwa byubukanishi, ibyuma bifata ibicuruzwa bisobanutse neza, ntibikeneye gusa inkunga yuzuye yimibare, imibare nubundi bumenyi bwinshi, ariko kandi bikeneye ubumenyi bwibikoresho, tekinoroji yo kuvura ubushyuhe, tekinoroji yo gupima no gupima, tekinoroji yo kugenzura imibare nuburyo bwiza bwo kubara. n'ikoranabuhanga rikomeye rya mudasobwa hamwe nandi masomo menshi yo gukorera, kubwibyo rero ni uguhagararira imbaraga zubumenyi nubuhanga bwigihugu mubicuruzwa.

Mu myaka yashize, inganda zizwi cyane ku isi zinjiye mu isoko ry’abashinwa kandi zishinga ibirindiro by’umusaruro, nka Suwede SKF Group, Ubudage Schaeffler Group, Isosiyete ikora Timken yo muri Amerika, Isosiyete NSK yo mu Buyapani, Isosiyete ya NTN n'ibindi. Aya masosiyete ntabwo ari ibikorwa byisi gusa, ahubwo nibikorwa byisi yose, bashingira kubyiza biranga ibicuruzwa, ibikoresho, ikoranabuhanga, igishoro n’umusaruro, kandi inganda zitwara ibicuruzwa mu gihugu zatangije amarushanwa akaze. Hamwe n’iterambere ry’inganda zitwara ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa, imiterere y’ibicuruzwa bya shaft izahinduka, igipimo cy’ibicuruzwa byacyo byo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu bicuruzwa biziyongera, igiciro cy’ibicuruzwa nacyo kiziyongera, biteganijwe ko umusaruro w’ubushinwa uzahinduka u isi nini cyane itanga umusaruro n’ibicuruzwa.

Hamwe nogukomeza gukaza umurego mu nganda zikora inganda, guhuza no kugura no gushora imari hagati yinganda nini zikora inganda zigenda ziba kenshi, kandi n’inganda zikora inganda zikomeye mu gihugu zita cyane ku bushakashatsi bw’isoko ry’inganda, cyane cyane ubushakashatsi bwimbitse bwibidukikije biteza imbere inganda n'abaguzi b'ibicuruzwa. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umubare munini wibicuruzwa byiza byimbere mu gihugu byazamutse vuba kandi buhoro buhoro biba umuyobozi mubikorwa byinganda zitwara ibicuruzwa!