Kukula kwamakampani

China ndi amodzi mwa mayiko omwe adapanga mayendedwe ozungulira padziko lapansi, ndipo kapangidwe ka ma axle bearings adalembedwa m'mabuku akale achi China. Malinga ndi zomwe ofukula zakale apeza komanso zambiri, ku China komweko kokhala ndi mawonekedwe amakono odzigudubuza kudawonekera mu 221-207 BC (Mzera wa Qin) m'mudzi wa Xuejiaya, County Yongji, m'chigawo cha Shanxi. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa New China, makamaka kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1970, pansi pa kulimbikitsidwa kwakukulu kwa kukonzanso ndi kutsegulira, makampani onyamula katundu alowa mu nthawi yatsopano ya chitukuko chachangu chapamwamba.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1700, British C. Vallow inapanga ndi kupanga ma bearing a mpira, ndi kuwaika pamagalimoto otumizira makalata kuti ayesedwe ndipo British P. Worth anapatsa ufulu wonyamula mpira. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, HR Hertz waku Germany adafalitsa pepala lokhudza kupsinjika kwa mayendedwe a mpira. Pamaziko a zomwe Hertz adachita, R. Stribeck waku Germany, A. Palmgren waku Sweden ndi ena adachita mayeso ambiri, ndipo adathandizira pakukula kwa chiphunzitso cha mapangidwe a mayendedwe ogubuduza ndi kuwerengera moyo wotopa. Pambuyo pake, NP Petrov wa ku Russia anagwiritsa ntchito lamulo la Newton la kukhuthala kwa ma viscosity kuti awerengere kuchuluka kwa mikangano.

O. Reynolds waku United Kingdom adasanthula masamu pa zomwe Thor adapeza ndipo adapeza equation ya Reynolds, yomwe idayala maziko a chiphunzitso cha hydrodynamic lubrication. Maonekedwe oyambirira a mzere wonyamulira ndi mzere wa mitengo yamatabwa yomwe imayikidwa pansi pa mbale ya skid. Njirayi ikhoza kubwereranso pomanga Piramidi Yaikulu ya Giza, ngakhale palibe umboni woonekeratu wa izi. Miyendo yamakono yoyenda imagwiritsa ntchito mfundo yomweyi, koma nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito mpira m'malo mwa chogudubuza. Maboti oyambirira otsetsereka ndi ogudubuzika anali opangidwa ndi matabwa. Ceramics, safire, kapena galasi amagwiritsidwanso ntchito, ndipo zitsulo, mkuwa, zitsulo zina, ndi mapulasitiki (monga nayiloni, bakelite, Teflon, ndi UHMWPE) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Mapiritsi ozungulira amafunikira m'mapulogalamu ambiri, kuyambira ma axles olemera kwambiri ndi masipingo a zida zamakina kupita ku mawotchi olondola. Mtundu wosavuta kwambiri wozungulira wozungulira ndi chitsamba cha bushing, chomwe chimangokhala chitsamba chokhazikika pakati pa gudumu ndi chitsulo. Kapangidwe kameneka kanasinthidwa ndi mayendedwe ogudubuza, omwe adalowa m'malo mwa chitsamba choyambiriracho ndi ma cylindrical rollers angapo, omwe adachita ngati gudumu losiyana. Njira yoyamba yozungulira yokhala ndi khola idapangidwa ndi wopanga mawotchi a John Harrison mu 1760 kuti apange H3 chronograph.

Chitsanzo choyambirira cha chonyamulira mpira chinapezeka pa sitima yapamadzi yakale yachiroma yomwe inapezeka ku Nyanja ya Nami, ku Italy. Mpira wamatabwa uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira pamwamba pa tebulo lozungulira. Chombocho chinamangidwa mu 40 BC. Leonardo Da Vinci akuti adalongosola mtundu wa mpira wokhala ndi zaka pafupifupi 1500. Pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosakhwima za mayendedwe a mpira, mfundo yofunika kwambiri ndi yakuti padzakhala kugundana pakati pa mipira, kuchititsa kukangana kwina. Koma izi zitha kupewedwa poyika mpira mu khola.

M'zaka za zana la 17, Galileo Galilea adalongosola koyamba za "mpira wokhazikika", kapena "mpira wa khola" mayendedwe a mpira. Komabe, m'kupita kwa nthawi yayitali, kuyika kwa mayendedwe pamakina sikunachitike. Patent yoyamba ya dzenje la mpira idaperekedwa ndi Philip Vaughan waku Carmarthen mu 1794.

Mu 1883, Friedrich Fischer adapereka lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito makina oyenera opangira pogaya mipira yachitsulo yofanana kukula kwake komanso yozungulira yolondola. Izi zidayala maziko opangira bizinesi yodziyimira payokha. “Fischer Automatische Guß Zoyamba za stahlkugelfabrik kapena Fischer Aktien-Gesellschaft zinakhala chizindikiro, cholembetsedwa pa 29 July 1905.

Mu 1962, chizindikiro cha FAG chidasinthidwa ndipo chikugwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano, kukhala gawo lofunikira la kampaniyo mu 1979.

Mu 1895, Henry Timken adapanga chotengera choyamba cha tapered, chomwe adachipatsa zaka zitatu kenako ndikuyambitsa Timken.

Mu 1907, Sven Winqvist wa fakitale ya SKF Bearing adapanga mayendedwe amakono odzigwirizanitsa okha.

Kunyamula ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chamitundu yonse ya zida zamakina, ndipo kulondola kwake, magwiridwe antchito, moyo ndi kudalirika zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulondola, magwiridwe antchito, moyo ndi kudalirika kwa wolandirayo. Pazinthu zamakina, mayendedwe azinthu zolondola kwambiri, sikuti amangofunika kuthandizidwa kwathunthu ndi masamu, fizikiki ndi maphunziro ena ambiri, komanso amafunikira sayansi yakuthupi, ukadaulo wamankhwala otenthetsera, ukadaulo wowongolera bwino komanso ukadaulo woyezera, ukadaulo wowongolera manambala ndi njira zowerengera. ndi luso lamphamvu kompyuta ndi maphunziro ena ambiri kutumikira, kotero kubala ndi nthumwi ya dziko mphamvu sayansi ndi luso la mankhwala.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, mabizinesi odziwika padziko lonse lapansi adalowa mumsika waku China ndikukhazikitsa maziko opangira, monga Sweden SKF Group, Germany Schaeffler Group, United States Timken Company, Japan's NSK Company, NTN Company ndi zina zotero. Makampaniwa si ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso kupanga padziko lonse lapansi, amadalira zabwino za mtundu, zida, ukadaulo, likulu komanso sikelo yopangira, ndipo mabizinesi am'nyumba adayambitsa mpikisano wowopsa. Ndi chitukuko cha makampani onyamula katundu waku China, kapangidwe kake ka shaft kadzasintha, kuchuluka kwa zogulitsa zake zotsika mtengo kumawonjezeka, mtengo wagawo wazogulitsa nawonso udzakwera, kupanga ku China kukuyembekezeka kukhala waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wopanga ndi kugulitsa maziko.

Ndi kuchulukirachulukira kwa mpikisano m'makampani opanga zinthu, kuphatikiza ndi kugulidwa ndi ntchito zazikulu pakati pamakampani akuluakulu opanga mabizinesi akuchulukirachulukira, ndipo mabizinesi opangira zinthu zapakhomo akuyang'ana kwambiri kafukufuku wamsika wamakampani, makamaka kuphunzira mozama za chilengedwe cha chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi ogula malonda. Chifukwa cha izi, kuchuluka kwa zopanga zokhala bwino zapakhomo zakwera mwachangu ndipo pang'onopang'ono kukhala mtsogoleri pamakampani opanga zinthu!